Quen Elizabeth I and Portcullis

Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I 

Queen Elizabeth I 

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 Maret 1603) adalah ratu Inggris dan Irlandia yang memerintah dari 17 November 1558 hingga kematiannya. Dia kadang-kadang disebut Ratu Perawan , Gloriana , Oriana , atau Ratu Bess Baik. Elizabeth adalah ratu kelima dan terakhir dari dinasti Tudor. Terlahir sebagai seorang putri dari Henry VIII dan Anne Boleyn.

Referensi :

Adams, Simon (2002), Leicester dan Pengadilan: Esai dalam Politik Elizabethan , Manchester University.

Chamberlin, Frederick (1939), Elizabeth dan Leicester , Dodd, Mead & Co..

Doran, Susan (1996), Monarki dan Pernikahan: Pacaran Elizabeth I , London: Routledge.

Dobson, Michael; Watson, Nicola (2003), "Elizabeth's Legacy", dalam Doran, Susan (editor), Elizabeth: Pameran di National Maritime Museum , London.

Doran, Susan (2003), "Para Pelamar Ratu dan Masalah Suksesi", dalam Doran, Susan (editor), Elizabeth: Pameran di Museum Maritim Nasional.

Edwards, Philip (2004), Pembentukan Negara Inggris Modern: 1460–1660 , Basingstoke dan New York.

Flynn, Sian; Spence, David (2003), "Elizabeth's Adventurers", dalam Doran, Susan (editor), Elizabeth: Pameran di National Maritime Museum , London.

Wilson, Derek (1981), Sweet Robin: Biografi Robert Dudley Earl dari Leicester 1533-1588 , London.

Gristwood, Sarah (2008), Elizabeth dan Leicester , Bantam Books.

Guy, John (2004), Hatiku adalah Milikku: Kehidupan Mary Queen of Scots , London dan New York.

Phillips, Charles. The Complete Illustrated Guide to the Kings & Queens of Britain. Lorenz Books, 2006.

Jenkins, Elizabeth (2002), Elizabeth dan Leicester , The Phoenix.

Portcullis

Portcullis

The Name “Portcullis” came from the crowned device that appears on the coin’s reverse. They were issued in Eight, Four, Two and One Testerne with the intention to compete with the Spanish "peices of eight" or 8 Reales.

Reverse: show the aforementioned crowned portcullis, together with the legend POSVI DEVUM ADIVTOREM MEVM (“I have made God my helper”), abbreviated down on the smaller denominations.

Obverse: depicted the English shield, crowned, with the similarly adorned letters E.R (Elizabeth regina) on either side. The obverse legend was ELIZABETH DG ANG FRA ET HIB REGINA.

Bantam, Indonesia 1601.
Ruler:
HM Queen Elizabeth I, Great Britain, 1601
Mint:
Royal Mint, London, 1601, Then in the Tower of London and known as the Tower Mint.

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